在15世纪的英国，除了那些公有地之外，每一块土地早已有了自己的主人，为什么还能出现重新圈占土地的情况呢？说起来确实很让人奇怪，但发生在英国却是必然的。在15世纪以前，英国的生产主要还是以农业为主，纺织业在人们的生活中，还是个不起眼的行业。随着新航路的发现，国际间贸易的扩大，在欧洲西北角佛兰得尔地区毛纺织业突然繁盛起来，在它附近的英国也被带动起来。毛纺织业的迅猛发展，使得羊毛需求量逐渐增大，而市场上的羊毛价格开始猛涨。因此养羊业与农业相比，就变得越来越有利可图。这时，一些有钱贵族开始投资养羊业。
养羊需要土地。贵族们纷纷把原来租种他们土地农民赶走，或许连房屋拆除，把可以养羊的地圈占起来。一时间，在英国到处可以看到被木栅栏、篱笆、沟渠和围墙分成一块块草地的地方，被赶出家园农民，则变成了无家可归流浪者。这就是圈地运动。当时一位著名作家托马斯·莫尔在书《乌托邦》中写道：“绵羊本来是很驯服，现在它们却变得贪婪凶狠，要踏平我们的田野、住宅和城市”。
圈地运动首先是从剥夺农民公共用地开始。在英国虽然土地早已有主，但森林、草地、沼泽荒地这些公共用地则没有固定的主人。一些贵族利用势力首先扩大羊群强行占有这些公共用地。当这些土地无法满足贵族日益扩大的羊群需要时，他们又开始采用各种方法把那些世代租种他们土地农民赶出家园，有时候甚至把整个村庄和附近陆地方都圈出来变成牧场。
曾经有一群农民向国王控诉一个叫约翰·波米尔领主上诉书中写道：“这个权势滔天约翰·波米尔用欺骗暴力占您的苦难臣民——我们牧场，这些土地是我们世代所拥有的。他把这些牧场和土改为自己所有。”
后来，这个约翰·波米尔又强行夺取了我们的住宅田、家具果园，有些房屋被诉毁，有些甚至被他派人放火烧掉，我们被强行驱逐出去。如果有人不愿意，他就率领打手包围他的家。有些人手持刀剑木棒气势汹汹凶猛打破他家的门毫不顾忌他的妻子儿女号哭。
约翰·波米尔为了圈占我们的土，不惜将我们投监狱毒打致残甚至杀害，我们现在连生命难保全。”这种强行圆好的圾里运动中，农民以前以各种形式租种的地，无论是定期续租或终身租赁，都被贵族们强行圈入了许多成为牧场主的人物互相攀比使他们的大型饲料基地越来越多。
England's enclosures began in 1570 and continued until the late 18th century. England's land had become half pastureland. The enclosure movement was a process that started with the seizure of common lands, which were not owned by anyone in particular, by wealthy landlords who wanted to expand their sheep flocks. This led to the displacement of tenant farmers from their homes and fields, as well as the destruction of villages and towns.
The English Crown also passed laws aimed at preventing further enclosures but these laws were largely ineffective. Enclosure acts became more frequent during the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, resulting in widespread poverty among rural populations. Many peasants lost their land and were forced into cities where they became factory workers for low wages.
By the end of the 18th century, Britain had experienced significant changes due to enclosure movements. The once powerful peasantry was now significantly reduced while factories employed large numbers of laborers working under harsh conditions for very little pay.
In conclusion, this article reveals how British history has been shaped through various social economic factors such as agricultural production trade development etc., leading up to modern capitalism where wealth is concentrated among a few elite individuals while others struggle with basic survival needs like food shelter clothing etc..
标签： 宋朝后面是什么朝代 、 中国历个朝代排序 、 明朝历史为什么这么精彩 、 明史为什么是禁史 、 中国朝代先后顺序
